Osteoarthritis (OA)

What is osteoarthritis?

Osteoarthritis (OA), also known as degenerative joint disease, is the most common form of arthritis. It occurs when the protective cartilage that cushions the ends of the bones wears down over time.

As this cartilage deteriorates, the underlying bone can become damaged, leading to joint pain and stiffness. Osteoarthritis most commonly affects joints in the knees, hips, hands, and spine, but it can impact any joint in the body.

Unlike inflammatory types of arthritis, osteoarthritis is primarily a mechanical condition, meaning it’s caused by wear and tear, although low-level inflammation may still be present.

Symptoms

The symptoms of osteoarthritis can vary widely from person to person and can gradually worsen over time. Common symptoms include:

• joint pain and tenderness, particularly after activity or at the end of the day
• stiffness, especially after periods of inactivity or first thing in the morning
• swelling around the affected joint
• crepitus a grating, grinding, or cracking sensation when moving the joint
• reduced range of motion and joint flexibility
• weakness or muscle loss around the affected joint due to reduced movement
• joint instability, which can increase the risk of falls or further injury

Some people notice their symptoms worsen with cold or damp weather or with increased physical activity.

Long-term effects and symptoms

As osteoarthritis progresses, it can significantly affect a person’s quality of life. Long-term symptoms and complications may include:

• chronic pain that interferes with daily activities and sleep
• joint deformities in more advanced cases (e.g. bony growths or misalignment)
• loss of function and mobility, making it harder to walk and climb stairs
• increased risk of falls, especially if hip, knee, or ankle joints are affected

Diagnosis

Osteoarthritis is typically diagnosed through a clinical examination by a healthcare provider, who will assess joint mobility, pain, and function. Additional tests may include X-rays, MRI scans, and joint aspiration.

Treatment

Treatment for osteoarthritis is individualised and based on the severity of the condition and the impact on a person’s daily life. The goals of treatment are to relieve pain, improve function, and slow the progression of the disease.

Although OA is a chronic condition, many people are able to manage it effectively with a combination of lifestyle adjustments and orthotics

Learn more about our orthotics for osteoarthritis